Human Activity and the Environment

Human Activity and the Environment - 2000

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Chapter 1 - Introduction, Chapter 2 - Current Environmental Issues, (4 sections), Chapter 3 - Natural Background (4 sections), Chapter 4 - Driving Forces (8 sections), Chapter 5 - Natural Resources (5 sections), Chapter 6 - Ecosystems and Well-being (10 sections), Chapter 7 - Responses and Participation (7 sections). Glossary. Symbols

Preface(PDF)

Table of Contents (PDF)

Chapter 1: Introduction (PDF)

Text box 1.1: An expanded conceptual framework

Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework

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Chapter 2: Current Environmental Issues

Introduction(PDF)

Map 2.1: Recent international agreements to address global environmental concerns

2.1 Sustainable development (PDF)

Figure 2.1.1: Malthus' perspective on population and agricultural production

Figure 2.1.2: Household energy use in Canada, 1981-1992

Figure 2.1.3: International per capita energy consumption, 1995

2.2 Climate change (PDF)

Table 2.2.1: Some characteristics of key greenhouse gases affected by human activities

Figure 2.2.1: Carbon dioxide concentrations, 1959-1996

Figure 2.2.2: Canadian temperature variations, 1895-1996

Figure 2.2.3: Global Temperature Variations, 1866-1996

Text Box 2.2.1: Putting the Kyoto protocol in context

Table 2.2.2: Fossil fuel use necessary to meet the Kyoto protocol targets

Figure 2.2.4: Oil prices and consumption, 1961-1997

2.3 Stratospheric ozone depletion (PDF)

Table 2.3.1: Ozone-depleting substances

Figure 2.3.1: Global atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12, 1977-1997

Figure 2.3.2: Annual average total ozone for Canada and the world, 1957-1998

Figure 2.3.3: Canadian production of ozone-depleting substances, 1979-1997

2.4 Biodiversity (PDF)

Table 2.4.1: Number of species for major groups of organisms, Canada and the world

Text Box 2.4.1: Genetic diversity in agriculture

Text Box 2.4.2: The United Nations framework convention on biological diversity

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Chapter 3: Natural Background

Introduction(PDF)

Map 3.1: Selected geophysical, meteorological and climatic extremes

3.1 Environmental geographies (PDF)

Map 3.1.1: Drainage Basin Hierarchy in Nova Scotia

Table 3.1.1: Sub-drainage Basin Names and Areas by Province and Territory

Map 3.1.2: Drainage Basin Areas and Discharges, 1996

Map 3.1.3: Prairie Ecozone with Ecoprovince and Ecoregion Subcomponents

Map 3.1.4: Terrestrial Ecozones, 1996

Map 3.1.5: Marine Ecozones

Table 3.1.2: Biophysical Characteristics of Terrestrial Ecozones

Table 3.1.3: Biophysical Characteristics of Marine Ecozones

3.2 Physiography (PDF)

Table 3.2.1: Principal Heights by Province and Territory

Map 3.2.1: Elevation, 1998

Table 3.2.2: Land Cover by Ecozone, Province and Territory, 1992

Map 3.2.2: Land Cover, 1992

Map 3.2.3: Surficial Geology, 1996

Map 3.2.4: Soils, 1996

Table 3.2.3: Area, Elevation and Maximum Depth of Major Lakes

Map 3.2.5: Major Lakes and Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs), 1999

Table 3.2.4: Estimated Wetland and Peatland Area by Province and Territory, 1986

Map 3.2.6: Distribution of Wetlands, 1986

Table 3.2.5: Organic Soils by Province and Territory, 1997

Map 3.2.7: Distribution of Organic Soils, 1997

3.3 Climate (PDF)

Map 3.3.1: Selected Weather Stations

Figure 3.3.1: Average Annual Number of Days with Freezing Temperatures, 1961-1990

Map 3.3.2: Mean Annual Daily Maximum Temperature, 1961-1990

Map 3.3.3: Mean Annual Daily Minimum Temperature, 1961-1990

Figure 3.3.2: Average Annual Precipitation, 1961-1990

Map 3.3.4: Mean Annual Precipitation, 1961-1990

Table 3.3.1: Average Daily Temperature by Month for Selected Weather Stations, 1961-1990

Table 3.3.2: Annual Averages of Various Weather Conditions for Selected Weather Stations, 1961-1990

Table 3.3.3: Average Annual Degree-Days, Wind and Precipitation for Selected Weather Stations, 1961-1990

Map 3.3.5: Canadian Climate Regions

Table 3.3.4: Top 10 Canadian Weather Stories of 1998

Table 3.3.5: Annual Regional Temperature Departures: Trends and Extremes, 1948-1998

Figure 3.3.3: Trends in Canadian Average Air Temperatures, 1985-1996

Figure 3.3.4: Trends in Global Average Air Temperatures, 1866-1996

3.4 Geophysical and meteorological profile (PDF)

Map 3.4.1: Earthquakes

Table 3.4.1: Major Earthquakes, 1663-1998

Text Box 3.4.1: Atlantic Ocean Tsunami, 1929

Map 3.4.2: Landslides

Table 3.4.2: Major Landslides, Snow Avalanches and Related Disasters, 1841-1999

Text Box 3.4.2: The Frank Slide, 1903

Map 3.4.3: Average Annual Peak River Flow

Table 3.4.3: Major Floods, 1826-1998

Text Box 3.4.3: Saguenay River Flood of 1996 and Red River Flood of 1997

Map 3.4.4: Hail

Text Box 3.4.4: Calgary Hailstorm, 1991

Map 3.4.5: Fog and Sea Ice

Text Box 3.4.5: Hazards at Sea: Icebergs and Fog

Map 3.4.6: Tornadoes

Table 3.4.5: Major Tornadoes, 1879-1999

Text Box 3.4.6: Edmonton Tornado, 1987

Table 3.4.4: Major Storms, 1583-1998

Figure 3.4.1: Causes of Death: Accidents Due to Natural and Environmental Factors, 1965-1990

Text Box 3.4.7: Killer Canadian Weather

Table 3.4.A: Major Disasters, 1583-1999

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Chapter 4: Driving Forces

Introduction(PDF)

Map 4.1: Driving Forces Highlights

4.1 Population (PDF)

Text Box 4.1.1: How Many Canadians, Exactly?

Table 4.1.1: Total Population by Province and Territory, 1901, 1951, and 1996

Figure 4.1.1: Population Growth Rate by Province and Territory

Table 4.1.2: Population by Provincial and Territorial Ecozone, 1976, 1986, and 1996

Table 4.1.3: Population by Ecozone and Ecoprovince, 1971 and 1996

Map 4.1.1: Population Change by Ecoprovince, 1971-1996

Table 4.1.4: Population Density, 1901, 1951 and 1996

Table 4.1.5: Rural and Urban Population by Provincial and Territorial Drainage Sub-basin, 1976, 1986 and 1996

Map 4.1.2: Population Density by Sub-sub-basin, 1996

Table 4.1.6: Population of Cities of 1,000 Persons and Over by Size, 1871, 1901, 1951 and 1996 1986 and 1996

Figure 4.1.2: Population in Cities of 1,000 Persons and Over by Size, 1871, 1901, 1951, and 1996

Table 4.1.7: Estimates of Population for Census Metropolitan Areas, 1976, 1986 and 1996

Table 4.1.8: Components of Population Growth, 1960-1998

Figure 4.1.3: Components of Population Growth: Natural Increase and Net Migrations, 1901-1997

Figure 4.1.5: Age Pyramid 1901, 1996, and 2016

Table 4.1.9: Share of Immigrant Population by Province and Territory, Selected Years

Table 4.1.10: Immigrants by Place of Birth and Period of Immigration, 1996

Table 4.1.11: Interprovincial Migrants, January to December, 1996

Table 4.1.12: Net Migration by Province and Territory, 1970-1996

Table 4.1.13: Population by Age Group, Selected Years

Table 4.1.14: Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex, 1920-22 to 1997

Figure 4.1.4: Dependency Ratios, Selected Years

Table 4.1.15: Summary of Component Assumptions Underlying Projections 1 to 3, Canada, 1993-2016

Figure 4.1.6: Population Projections, 1950-2041

Text Box 4.1.2 - Population Projection Around the World

Table 4.1.16: Projected Population by Province and Territory, 1993-2041, (Projection 2, Medium-Growth Scenario

Table 4.1.A: Quarterly Estimates of Population by Province and Territory: 1951-1998

Table 4.1.B: Components of Population Growth by Intercensal Period, 1851-1996

Table 4.1.C: Annual Number of Deaths for the Year Ending June 30, by Province and territory, 1972-1997

Table 4.1.D: Census Population and Immigration by Province and Territory, Selected Years

Table 4.1.E: Annual Emigration for the Year Ending June 30, by Province and Territory, 1972-1997

Table 4.1.F: Annual Immigration for the Year Ending June 30, by Province and Territory, 1972-1997

Table 4.1.G: Non-permanent Residents as of July 1, by Province and Territory, 1972-1997

4.2 Economy (PDF)

Text Box 4.2.1: Gross Domestic Product

Figure 4.2.1: Gross Domestic Product, 1900-1998

Figure 4.2.2: Average Growth Rates of Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product per Capita, Selected Years

Table 4.2.1: Gross Domestic Product by Industry, Selected Years

Table 4.2.2: Employment by Industry, Selected Years

Figure 4.2.3: Consumer Expenditures per Capita, 1961-1998

Table 4.2.3: Consumer Expenditures, Selected Years

Figure 4.2.4: International Trade as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, 1961-1998

Table 4.2.4: Composition of Exports and Imports, Selected Years

Table 4.2.5: Export and Import Propensities, Selected Years

Table 4.2.A: Gross Domestic Product by Industry, 1961-1996

Table 4.2.B: Employment by Industry, 1961-1996

Table 4.2.C: Consumer Expenditures, 1961-1998

Table 4.2.D: Import and Export by Industry, Selected Years

4.3 Science and technology (PDF)

Text Box 4.3.1: Defining Science and Technology

Figure 4.3.1: Gross Expenditure in R&D as a Share of GDP, 1987-1997

Figure 4.3.2: Gross Expenditure in R&D as a Share of GDP for Selected OECD Countries, 1997

Figure 4.3.3: Composition of Gross Expenditure in R&D by Sector, 1986-1998

Table 4.3.1: R&D Expenditures by Selected Industry, 1993-1997

Table 4.3.2: Federal Government R&D Expenditures by Socio-economic Objective, 1995-96 to 1998-99

Figure 4.3.4: Share of Gross Expenditure in R&D by Higher Education Sector for Selected OECD Countries, 1997

Table 4.3.3: R&D Expenditures and Source of Funds in the Higher Education Sector, 1996-97

Table 4.3.4: Total Number of Scientific Publications, 1980-1995

Table 4.3.5: Canadian Share of World Scientific Publications by Subject, 1995

Text Box 4.3.2: Prescott, Ontario: Technology in a Small Town

Text Box 4.3.3: Biotechnologies Explained

Industry profiles
4.4 Agriculture (PDF)

Table 4.4.1: Number of Farms by Province, 1871-1996

Figure 4.4.1: Numer of Farms, Agricultural Land and Cropland, 1901-1996

Figure 4.4.2: Total and Agricultural Labour Force Employed, 1926-1995

Figure 4.4.3: Agricultural Activities as a Share of GDP, 1961-1997

Table 4.4.2: Number of Farms by Total Gross Farm Receipts, 1981-1996

Table 4.4.3: Agricultural Technology Indicators, 1921-1996

Text Box 4.4.1 - Nitrogen Fertilizer

Figure 4.4.4: Fertilizers Sold in Eastern and Western Canada, 1967-1997

Figure 4.4.5: Area Treated with Herbicides by Province, 1970 and 1995

Figure 4.4.6: Area Treated with Insecticides by Province, 1970 and 1995

Figure 4.4.7: Agricultural Net Income and Cash Receipts, 1926-1997

Figure 4.4.8: Net Farm Income, 1971-1997

Figure 4.4.A: Commercial Agricultural Fertilizer Application by Province and Drainage Sub-basin, 1970 and 1995

Figure 4.4.B: Commercial Agricultural Fertilizer Application by Province and Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Figure 4.4.C: Commercial Agricultural Fertilizer Application by Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Figure 4.4.D: Nutrient Fertilizer Application by Province and Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Figure 4.4.E: Nutrient Fertilizer Application by Province and Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

4.5 Fisheries (PDF)

Table 4.5.1: Gross Domestic Product of Fishing Industries, 1989-1997

Table 4.5.2: Employment in the Fishing Industries, 1989-1997

Table 4.5.3: Exports and Imports of Fish and Fish Products, 1989-1997

Text Box 4.5.1: Newfoundland: Living with the Decline of Cod Stocks

Table 4.5.4: Federal Programs Addressing the Atlantic Groundfish Decline, 1990-1998

Table 4.5.5: Fish Caught and Kept by Recreational Anglers, 1990 and 1995

4.6 Forest industries (PDF)

Text Box 4.6.1 : The State of the World's Forests

Table 4.6.1: Production of Selected Forest Products, Selected Years

Table 4.6.2: Gross Domestic Product of Selected Forest Products Industries, Selected Years

Table 4.6.3: Capital Expenditure in the Logging and Forestry Industries, 1960-69 to 1990-99

Table 4.6.4: Employment in Selected Forest Product Industries, Selected Years

Table 4.6.5: Employment in Forest Products Industries by Province, Selected Years

Table 4.6.6: Employment and Roundwoood Harvest, Selected Years

Table 4.6.7: Shipments of Roundwood by Product and Region, 1994 and 1995

Table 4.6.8: Export of Forest Products, 1978-1996

Table 4.6.9: Canada's World Ranking for the Production and Exports of Selected Forest Products, 1997

Table 4.6.10: Exports of Pulpwood, Lumber and Wood Pulp to the United States, Selected Years

Figure 4.6.1: Forest Management Expenditure by Source, Selected Years

Text Box 4.6.2: Ownership of Canadian Forests

Table 4.6.11: Total Annual Expenditure by Source, Selected Years

Figure 4.6.2: Forest Management Expenditure by Type, Selected Years

Table 4.6.12: Population in Forest-dependent Communities by Province, 1986, 1991 and 1996

Map 4.6.1: Population Size and Variation of Forest-dependent Communities, 1986-1996

4.7 Mineral industries (PDF)

Figure 4.7.1: Production of Selected Minerals, 1948-1998

Table 4.7.1: GDP at Factor Cost for Mineral Industries, Selected Years

Table 4.7.2: Employment in Mining, Quarrying and Oil Well Industries by Province and Territory, 1983-1998

Table 4.7.3: Employment in Mineral Industries by Industry, Selected Years

Text Box 4.7.1: Mineral Processing

Table 4.7.4: Employment in Smelting, Milling and Refining Activities of the Mineral Industries, Selected Years

Table 4.7.5: GDP at Factor Cost for Smelting, Milling and Refining Activities of the Mineral Industries, Selected Years

Table 4.7.6: International Shipping of Minerals, 1997

Table 4.7.7: Domestic Shipping of Minerals, 1997

Table 4.7.8: Production of Leading Minerals by Province and Territory, 1997

Table 4.7.9: Mineral Fuels Production, Selected Years

Table 4.7.10: Mineral Exploration Expenditures by Province and Territory, 1994-1998

4.8 Transportation (PDF)

Figure 4.8.1: Evolution of GDP Contribution by Transport Mode, 1961-1998

Table 4.8.1: Water Transport, 1988-1997

Table 4.8.2: Rail Transport, 1961-1996

Figure 4.8.2: Goods Shipped by Mode of Transportation, 1990-1996

Table 4.8.3: Truck Transport, 1989-1997

Table 4.8.4: Air Transport, 1988-1997

Figure 4.8.3: Passengers Transported by Mode of Transportation, 1991-1995

Figure 4.8.4: Intercity Passengers by Mode of Transportation, 1996

Table 4.8.5: Transportation by Bus and Mass Transit, 1980-1997

Table 4.8.6: Motor Vehicle Registration, 1980-1997

Figure 4.8.5: Workforce Using Their Own Car to Get to Work by Census Metropolitan Area, 1996

Text Box 4.8.1: Selected Environmental Impacts by Mode of Transport

Table 4.8.7: Road Network by Province and Territory

Table 4.8.8: Greenhouse Gas(CO2) Emissions from Mobile Sources, 1990-1995

Table 4.8.9: Emissions of Selected Greenhouse Gases by the Transportation Industry, 1990-1995

Table 4.8.10: Consumption of Refined Petroleum Products by Mode of Transportation, 1991-1996

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Chapter 5: Natural Resources

Introduction(PDF)

Map 5.1: Natural Resources Highlights

5.1 Agricultural resources (PDF)

Text Box 5.1.1: Canada Land Inventory Classes 1,2 and 3 - Canada's Dependable Agricultural Land Base

Map 5.1.1: Dependable Agricultural Land

Table 5.1.1: Canada Land Inventory: Soil Capability for Agriculture

Figure 5.1.1: Urban Land Use, 1971-1996

Figure 5.1.2: Class 1 Farmland Occupied by Urban Land, 1971-1996

Text Box 5.1.2: Census of Agriculture Land Definitions

Map 5.1.2: Agricultural Land

Table 5.1.2: Farms and Agricultural Land, 1901-1996

Table 5.1.3: Agricultural Land Area and Average Farm Size by Ecozone, 1971 and 1996

Table 5.1.4: Cultivated Agricultural Land by Ecozone, 1971 and 1996

Text Box 5.1.3: Methods of Soil Conservation

Table 5.1.5: Tillage Practices by Ecozone, 1991 and 1996

Figure 5.1.3: Selected Field Crop Production, 1910-1996 (Five-year Averages)

Figure 5.1.4: Production of Major Small Grains in Canada, 1910-1996 (Five-year Averages)

Figure 5.1.5: Selected Livestock Populations, 1909-1998

Table 5.1.A: Agricultural Land Area and Average Farm Size by Province and Drainage Sub-basin, 1971 and 1996

Table 5.1.B: Agricultural Land Area and Average Farm Size by Province and Ecozone, 1971 and 1996

Table 5.1.C: Cultivated Agricultural Land by Province and Drainage Sub-basin, 1971 and 1996

Table 5.1.D: Cultivated Agricultural Land by Province and Ecozone, 1971 and 1996

5.2 Forest resources (PDF)

Text Box 5.2.1: Canada's Forest Inventory

Figure 5.2.1: Managed Forest Area by Province and Territory, 1994

Table 5.2.1: Area of Managed Forest by Province and Territory, 1997

Map 5.2.1: Forest Type, 1994

Map 5.2.2: Timber Volume, All Species, 1994

Figure 5.2.2: Growing Stock by Province and Territory, 1994

Table 5.2.2: Volume of Managed Forest by Province and Territory, 1997

Figure 5.2.3: Roundwood Volume Harvested, 1970-1997

Figure 5.2.4: Coniferous Volume Harvested by Province and Territory, 1997

Figure 5.2.5: Broadleaved Volume Harvested by Province and Territory, 1997

Figure 5.2.6: Annual Allowable Cut by Province and Territory, 1991-1997

Figure 5.2.7: Annual Allowable Cut Utilization by Province and Territory, 1997

Figure 5.2.8: Harvest Ratio by Province and Territory, 1997

Figure 5.2.9: Forest Fires by Cause, 1990-1997

Figure 5.2.10: Area Burned by Cause, 1990-1997

Figure 5.2.11: Area Burned-Stocked Timber-productive Forest Land, Alberta, 1970-1997

Figure 5.2.12: Area Burned-Stocked Timber-productive Forest Land, Ontario, 1970-1997

Figure 5.2.13: Area Burned-Stocked Timber-productive Forest Land, Quebec, 1990-1997

Table 5.2.A: Net Merchantable Broadleaved Volume of Roundwood Harvested by Province and Territory, 1970-1997

Table 5.2.B: Net Merchantable Coniferous Volume of Roundwood Harvested by Province and Territory, 1970-1997

Table 5.2.C: Area Burned: Stocked-timber Productive Forest Land by Province and Territory, 1970-1997

5.3 Marine resources (PDF)

Map 5.3.1: Northwestern Atlantic Fishing Areas

Table 5.3.1: Spawning Biomass of Selected Fish Stocks, 1950-1997

Text Box 5.3.1: Total Allowable Catch

Text Box 5.3.2: The 200-Mile Limit

Table 5.3.2: Landed Catch and Value, 1989-1997

Table 5.3.3: Landed Catch and Value, Atlantic Coast, 1989-1997

Figure 5.3.1: Atlantic Coast Groundfish Landings, 1960-1996

Table 5.3.5: Landed Catch by Species and by Province, 1989 and 1997

Table 5.3.6: Landed Value by Species and by Province, 1989 and 1997

Table 5.3.4: Landed Catch and Value, British Columbia Coast, 1989-1997

Table 5.3.7: Aquaculture Production, 1989-1997

5.4 Wildlife resources (PDF)

Table 5.4.1: Big Game Stocks by Province and Territory, 1996

Figure 5.4.1a: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Mallards) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1b: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Gadwalls) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1c: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Green-winged teals) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1d: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Northern shoveller) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1e: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Redheads) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1f: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Northern pintails) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1g: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (American widgeons) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1h: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Blue-winged teals) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1i: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Canvasbacks) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Figure 5.4.1j: Population Indices (with Standard Errors) for Major Duck Species (Scaup species) in the Traditional Waterfowl Survey Area, 1961-1998

Table 5.4.2: Big Game Harvested by Province and Territory, 1990-1996

Table 5.4.3: Big Game Licences Sold by Province and Territory, 1995

Figure 5.4.2: Pelts Harvested from Major Species, 1970-1996

Figure 5.4.3: Wild vs. Ranch-raised Pelts Harvested, 1970-1996

Table 5.4.4: Pelts Harvested by Province and Territory, 1995-96

Table 5.4.5: Value of Pelts Harvested by Province and Territory, 1995-96

Figure 5.4.4: Canada Goose and Mallard Duck Harvest, 1979-1997

5.5 Water resources (PDF)

Figure 5.5.1: Hydrologic Cycle

Map 5.5.1: Average Annual Streamflow for Major Rivers in Canada

Table 5.5.1: Average Annual Streamflow for Large Rivers by Drainage Basin

Map 5.5.2: Average Annual Run-off

Text Box 5.5.1: Great Lakes Facts

Figure 5.5.2: Groundwater Flow

Table 5.5.2: Groundwater Use in Canada, 1996

Table 5.5.3: Hydro-electric Power Generation by Province and Territory, 1994-1997

Text Box 5.5.2: The St-Lawrence Seaway-Great Lakes Waterway

Table 5.5.4: Activity at Selected Ports, 1997

Table 5.5.5: Major Withdrawal Uses of Water, 1981, 1986 and 1991

Table 5.5.6: Interbasin Water Diversions by Province

Table 5.5.7: Large Dams by Province by Province and Territory

Table 5.5.8: Status of the Natural Flood Damage Reduction Program, 1995

Table 5.5.A: Water Use by Sector, 1981

Table 5.5.B: Water Use by Sector, 1986

Table 5.5.C: Water Use by Sector, 1991

5.6 Energy resources (PDF)

Table 5.6.1: Basic Energy Indicators, 1958-1997

Figure 5.6.4: Crude Oil Prices, 1974-1997

Table 5.6.2: Energy Resource Reserves, 1976-1996

Figure 5.6.1: Crude Oil Resource Base, 1992

Figure 5.6.2: Natural Gas Resource Base, 1992

Figure 5.6.3: Primary energy Production, Exports and Imports, 1958-1997

Table 5.6.3: Production and Consumption of Primary Energy Resources, 1958-1997

Table 5.6.4: Fuels Consumed in Thermal-electric Power Stations, 1981-1996

Table 5.6.5: Energy Content and Emission Factors of Fuels Used in Thermal-electric Power Stations

Map 5.6.1: Energy Use in Electricity Production

Table 5.6.6: Energy Prices, 1983 and 1996

Text Box 5.6.1: Deregulation of the Electric Power Industry

5.7 Mineral resources (PDF)

Figure 5.7.1: Reserve Life of Selected Metals, 1977-1996

Table 5.7.1: Reserves of Selected Major Metals, 1977-1996

Table 5.7.2: Reserves and Reserve Base of Selected Metals, 1998

Table 5.7.3: Mineral Production, 1948-1998

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Chapter 6: Ecosystems and Well-being

Introduction(PDF)

Map 6.1: Environmental Quality Highlights

6.1 Waste generation and management (PDF)

Table 6.5.1: Radiation Doses

Table 6.1.1: Spent Nuclear Fuel Bundles in Storage by Province, 1992, 1995 and 1997

Text Box 6.1.1: Environmental Considerations in Nuclear Electricity Production

Table 6.1.2: Nuclear Power vs. Coal Power

Table 6.1.3: Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings by Region, 1999

Table 6.1.4: Inventory and Accumulation Rate of Low-level Radioactive Wastes by Source, 1991-1993

Table 6.1.5: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary, 1990 and 1996

Table 6.1.6: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary, by Province and Territory, 1996

Table 6.1.7: Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges and Compliance Performance by Pollutant and Region, 1996

Table 6.1.8: Dioxin and Furan Releases by Medium and Source, 1990, 1997 and 1999

Table 6.1.9: Disposal at Sea: Permits Issued and Quantities Permitted, 1987-1997

Map 6.1.1: Population Served by Secondary or Better Wastewater Treatment by Sub-drainage Basin, 1983 and 1996

Table 6.1.10: Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Level and Region, 1996

Table 6.1.11: Municipal Wastewater Treatment Level for Population Served with Sewers, Various Years

Table 6.1.12: Disposal of Waste by Province and Territory, 1994 and 1996

Table 6.1.13: Materials Prepared for Recycling or Reuse by Type, 1995

Table 6.1.14: Five Most Frequently Spilled MIACC List 1 Substances, 1984-1995

Table 6.1.15: On-site Releases of Pollutants in Canada: Ten Most Common by Weight, 1996

Table 6.1.16: Criteria Air Contaminant Emissions, 1995

Environmental Quality and Human Health
6.2 Air quality (PDF)

Text Box 6.2.1: Smog

Figure 6.2.1: National Trends in Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide and Suspended Particulate Matter, 1980-1995

Figure 6.2.2: Total Human Activity-Sourced Emissions of Carbon Monoxide in Canada, 1985-1997

Table 6.2.1: Average Annual Air Pollution, 1974-1997

Table 6.2.2: Number of Days Ground-level Ozone Exceeded NAAQO Objectives in Selected Regions, 1980-1996

Table 6.2.3: Air Quality Index for Selected Cities, 1990-1995

Table 6.2.4: Top five On-site Releases to Air, 1996

Figure 6.2.3: Trends in Annual Means of Sulphate (S042) Contained in Acid Precipitation in Selected Regions, 1985-1997

Figure 6.2.4: Trends in Annual Means of Nitrate (N03) Contained in Acid Precipitation in Selected Regions, 1985-1997

Figure 6.2.5: Sulphur Dioxide Emissions in Canada and the United States, 1970-1995

Figure 6.2.6: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in Canada and the United States, 1980-1995

Figure 6.2.7: Total Human Activity-Sourced Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in Canada, 1988-1996

Figure 6.2.8: Total Apparent Consumption of Chlorofluorocarbons in Canada, 1985-1995

6.3 Water quality (PDF)

Text Box 6.3.1: Human Impacts on Water Quality

Table 6.3.1: Maximum Recommended Concentrations of Various Pollutants by Use

Table 6.3.2: Municipal Wastewater Treatment Level for Population Served with Sewers, Variable Years

Table 6.3.3: Top Five On-site Releases to Water, 1996

Table 6.3.4: Water Bodies Receiving Over 500 Tonnes of Pollutants, 1996

Figure 6.3.1: Nutrient Content of Fertilizers Sold in Canada, 1950-1998

Table 6.3.5: Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potash Content of Commercial Fertilizer Applied on Farmland by Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.6: Nitrogen and Phosphate Content of Animal Manures Produced on Farms by Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.7: Agricultural Pesticide Expenditures and Application Rates by Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.8: Shelfish Areas on the Atlantic Coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1989-1998

Table 6.3.9: Critical Pollutants in the Great Lakes

Figure 6.3.2: PCB Concentrations in Lake Superior, Selected Years

Figure 6.3.3: Average Phosphate Concentrations in Lake Ontario, 1971-1993

Figure 6.3.4: Compliance with the Fecal Coliform Guidelines in the North Saskatchewan River. 1985-1996

Table 6.3.10: Water Quality Index for Major Alberta Rivers by Use, 1996

Table 6.3.11: Water Quality Index in 124 Water Bodies in British Columbia, 1996

Table 6.3.12: Shellfish Areas Closed on the Pacific Coast, by Source of Pollution, 1972-1995

Table 6.3.A: Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potash Content of Commercial Fertilizer Applied on Farmland, by Province and Drainage Sub-basin, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.B: Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potash Content of Commercial Fertilizer Applied on Farmland by Province and Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.C: Nitrogen and Phosphate Content of Animal Manures Produced on Farms by Province and Drainage Sub-basin, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.D: Nitrogen and Phosphate Content of Animal Manures Produced on Farms by Province and Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.E: Agricultural Pesticide Expenditures and Application Rates by Province and Drainage Sub-basin, 1970 and 1995

Table 6.3.F: Agricultural Pesticide Expenditures and Application Rates by Province and Ecozone, 1970 and 1995

6.4 Soil (PDF)

Table 6.4.1: Rates of Erosion Under Different Soil Covers

Table 6.4.2: Inherent Risk of Wind Erosion of Bare Soil on the Cultivated Land of the Prairie Provinces

Table 6.4.3: Inherent Risk of Wind Erosion of Bare Soil on Canada's Cultivated Land

Table 6.4.4: Tillage Practices on Land Prepared for Seeding, 1991 and 1996

Text Box 5.1.3: Methods of Soil Conservation

Text Box 6.4.1: Petroleum and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Map 6.4.1: Average Wet Sulphate Deposition in Eastern North America, 1991-1995

Figure 6.4.1: Distribution of Media Affected by Spills, 1984-1995

Map 6.4.2: Copper Deposition Around the Flin Flon Base Metals Smelter Complex, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, 1992-1995

Table 6.4.5: Top Five On-site Releases to Land, 1996

Table 6.4.6: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Various Soil Amendments

Text Box 6.4.2: Wetlands and Lead Shot

6.5 Contaminants in biota (PDF)

Figure 6.5.1: Biomagnification in an Arctic Food Web, Bathurst Herd, N.W.T., 1992-1994

Text Box 6.5.1: Endocrine Disrupters

Text Box 6.5.2: Source, Uses and Biological Effects of Selected Organochrine Compounds

Figure 6.5.2a: PCB Concentration in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, British Columbia, 1970-1996

Figure 6.5.2b: PCB Concentration in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, Ontario, 1970-1996

Figure 6.5.2c: PCB Concentration in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, Quebec, 1970-1996

Figure 6.5.2d: PCB Concentration in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, New Brunswick, 1970-1996

Figure 6.5.3: Daily PCB Intake per Kilogram of Body Weight From Varous Food Sources, 1992-1996

Figure 6.5.4a: Dioxin and Furan Concentrations in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, British Columbia, 1973-1994

Figure 6.5.4b: Dioxin and Furan Concentrations in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, Saskatchewan, 1973-1994

Figure 6.5.4c: Dioxin and Furan Concentrations in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, Ontario, 1973-1994

Figure 6.5.4d: Dioxin and Furan Concentrations in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, New Brunswick, 1973-1994

Figure 6.5.5: Occurence of Selected Contaminants in Whole Breast Milk, 1992

Figure 6.5.6: DDE Concentration in Double-Crested Cormorant Eggs, 1970-1996

Figure 6.5.7: Mean Mercury Concentrations in 70-centimetre Pike From the Robert-Bourassa Reservior, Northern Quebec, 1982-1996

Text Box 6.4.2: Wetlands and Lead Shot

Map 6.5.1: Lead Levels in Toronto Street Tree Foliage

Table 6.5.1: Radiation Doses

Figure 6.5.8: Cesium-137 Radioactivity in Cow's Milk, 1962-1992

Figure 6.5.A: Levels of Contaminants in Selected Ontario Sport Fish, Selected Years

Figure 6.5.B: Contaminants Responsible for Fish Consumption Advisories in Selected Ontario Waterbodies

6.6 Human health (PDF)

Table 6.6.1: Major Causes of Death, 1926 and 1996

Figure 6.6.1: Melanoma Incidence and Mortality, 1969-1995

Table 6.6.2: Prevalence of Sun Avoidance, 1996

Figure 6.6.2: Estimated Causes of Fatal Cancer Cases

Table 6.6.3: Airborne Pollutants Associated with Cardiorespiratory Health Impacts

Figure 6.6.3a: Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Admissions to Selected Ontario Hospitals, Ozone, 1983-1988

Figure 6.6.3b: Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Admissions to Selected Ontario Hospitals, Sulphate, 1983-1988

Text Box 6.6.1: Antibiotics and Livestock

Text Box 6.6.1: Figure A - Hens and Chickens

Text Box 6.6.1: Figure B - Pigs

Table 6.6.4: Penicillin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada, 1988-1996

Figure 6.6.4: Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens, 1983-1996

Figure 6.6.5: Seasonal Distribution of Confirmed Food Poisoning Cases, 1995

Figure 6.6.6: Age-Standardized Morbidity Rates of Asthma for Children Aged 1 to 4 Years, 1971-1995

Figure 6.6.7: Asthma Triggers Reported by 5- to 19-year-old Students with Current Asthma, 1995-96

Ecosystems Under Pressure
6.7 Protected areas (PDF)

Figure 6.7.1: National Park Area and Latitude

Table 6.7.1: Management Authority of government-owned Protected Areas, 1997

Table 6.7.2: Total Area Protected by Province and Territory, 1997

Text Box 6.7.1: Ontario's Living Legacy: A Complete System of Protected Areas

Figure 6.7.2: Area and Number of Sites Protected, 1855-1997

Table 6.7.3: IUCN Classification Framework

Table 6.7.4: Examples of Protected Areas by IUCN Category

Table 6.7.5: Total Area Protected by IUCN Category, Province and Territory, 1997

Figure 6.7.3: Protected Areas Created by Decade and Jurisdiction, Atlantic Provinces

6.8 Species at risk (PDF)

Table 6.8.1: Species Extinct and Extirpated in Canada, 1999

Table 6.8.2: Species Extinct and at Risk in Canada, 1999

Table 6.8.3: Endangered Species of Birds in Canada

Table 6.8.4: Endangered Species of Terrestrial and Marine Mammals in Canada

Table 6.8.5: Endangered Species of Vascular Plants in Canada

Table 6.8.6: Endangered Species of Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish in Canada

Table 6.8.7: Number of Species at Risk and Mammal Species Extirpated in National Parks and National Park Reserves, 1997

Table 6.8.8: Total RENEW Funding by Donor, 1988-1998

Text Box 6.8.1: Status of Reintroduction of Certain Vertebrate Species

Table 6.8.9: Number of Permits Delivered by Federal, Provincial and Territorial Governments for the Export of Wild Species Covered by CITES, 1989-1997

6.9 Invasive species (PDF)

Figure 6.9.1: Total Annual Imports to Canada from Outside North America, 1980-1998

Image 6.9.1: Dunnage in a Disposal Bin at the Port of Vancouver

Image 6.9.2: Insect-infested wire rope spools, Nanaimo, B.C.

Table 6.9.1: Introduced Agricultural and Forestry Pests and Diseases in Canada

Table 6.9.2: Invasive Wetland Plant Species in Canada

Table 6.9.3: Invasive Upland Plant Species in Canada

Text Box 6.9.1: Chestnut Blight and the Gypsy Moth

Image 6.9.3: The Colorado Potato Beetle

Table 6.9.4: Invasive Aquatic and Terrestrial Animal Species in Canada

Image 6.9.4: Asian long-horned beetle

6.10 Natural Disasters (PDF)

Text Box 6.10.1: The 1988 Drought

Text Box 6.10.2: The 1997 Red River Flood

Text Box 6.10.3: The 1998 St. Lawrence River Valley Ice Storm

Figure 6.10.1: Weather-related Disasters and Population by Decade

Map 6.10.1: Population and Power Failure, St. Lawrence River Valley Ice Storm, 1998

Table 6.10-1: Economic Impact of Selected Natural Disasters in Canada

Table 6.10-2: Exceptional Insurance Payments Made as a Result of Natural Disasters, 1983-1998

Figure 6.10.2: Exceptional Insurance Payments Made as a result of Natural Disasters, 1983-1998

Figure 6.10.3: Federal Disaster Payments, 1970-71 to 1997-98

Table 6.10-3: Number of Deaths for Selected Natural Disasters in the World, 1980-1997

Table 6.10.A: Major Disasters, 1583-1999

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Chapter 7: Responses and Participation

Introduction(PDF)

Map 7.1: Responses and Participation Highlights

7.1 Environmental legislation and non-regulatory initiatives(PDF)

Text Box 7.1.1: Evolution of National Environmental Issues, 1970s to 1990s

Text Box 7.1.2: Environmental Harmonization Accord

Table 7.1.1: Generic Environmental Legislation by Jurisdiction

Text Box 7.1.3: A "New" Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA)

Table 7.1.2: Federal, Provincial and Territorial Environmental Legislation on Physical Components

Table 7.1.3: Federal, Provincial and Territorial Environmental Legislation on Wildlife, Plants and Domesticated Animals

Table 7.1.4: Federal, Provincial and Territorial Environmental Legislation on Natural Resources

Text Box 7.1.4: Regulations and Guidelines Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act

Table 7.1.5: Federal, Provincial and Territorial Environmental Legislation on Pollution

Table 7.1.6: Environmental Assessment Legislation by Jurisdiction

Table 7.1.7: Federal Reasons for Project Environmental Assessments, 1994-95 to 1996-97

Table 7.1.8: CEPA Enforcement Activities, 1991-92 to 1995-96

Table 7.1.9: National Enforcement Activities, July 1, 1988 to June 30, 1996

Table 7.1.10: Convictions under the Fisheries Act, 1994-95 to 1996-97

Table 7.1.11: Federal Environmental Assessment, 1994-95 to 1997-98

Table 7.1.12: Federal Environmental Screening Assessments, 1994-95 to 1996-97

Text Box 7.1.5: Examples of Voluntary Initiatives in Canada

Table 7.1.13: Examples of International Co-operation on Environmental Issues

Table 7.1.A: Enforcement by Legislation Type in Saskatchewan, 1992-1996

Text Box 7.1.A: Examples of Federal Regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) and the Fisheries Act

Text Box 7.1.B: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA)

Figure 7.1.A: Environmental Prosecutions and Convictions in Saskatchewan, 1992-1996

7.2 Environment protection expenditures (PDF)

Text Box 7.2.1: Environmental Protection Expenditures

Text Box 7.2.2: Government Expenditures on Pollution Abatement and Control (PAC)

Table 7.2.1: Government Pollution Abatement and Control Expenditures, 1988-1996

Table 7.2.2: Government Expenditures on Pollution Abatement and Control and Water Purification and Supply, 1988-1998

Figure 7.2.1: Pollution Abatement and Control as a Share of Total Government Expenditures, 1970-1996

Figure 7.2.2: Local Government Investment on Pollution Abatement and Control, 1988-1998

Figure 7.2.3: Government Expenditures on Pollution Abatement and Control by Activity, 1970-1996

Figure 7.2.4: Government Expenditures on Pollution Abatement and Control by Level of Government, 1970-1998

Table 7.2.3: Local Government Current and Capital Expenditures on Waste Management by Activity, 1994 and 1996

Table 7.2.4: Employment in Waste Management Industry: Local Government Sector, 1994 and 1996

Table 7.2.5: Local Government Current Expenditures on Waste Management by Service Provider and Activity, 1994 and 1996

Figure 7.2.5: Business Operating Expenditures for Environmental Protection by Environmental Activity, 1994-1996

Text Box 7.2.3: Definition of Business Environmental Protection Expenditures

Figure 7.2.6: Investment Spending on Environmental Protection by Activity, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.6: Operating Expenditures on Environmental Protection by Industry and Type of Activity, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.7: Investment Expenditures on Environmental Protection by Industry and Type of Activity, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.9: Business Investment Spending on Pollution Abatement and Control by Industry, 1985-1996

Table 7.2.10: Business Investment Spending on Pollution Abatement and Control by Province and Territory, 1985-1996

Figure 7.2.7: Investment Spending on Pollution Abatement and Control by Environmental Medium, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.8: Business Investment Spending on Pollution Abatement and Control 1985-1996

Figure 7.2.8: Business Investment Spending on Pollution Abatement and Control for Selected Industries, 1985-1996

Figure 7.2.9: Business Investment Spending on Pollution Abatement and Control for Selected Provinces, 1985-1996

Table 7.2.A: Operating Expenditures on Environmental Protection by Region, Province or Territory and Type of Activity, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.B: Capital Expenditures on Environmental Protection by Region, Province or Territory and Type of Activity, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.C: Distribution of Capital Expenditures for Pollution Abatement and Control by Medium and by Industry, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.D: Distribution of Capital Expenditures for Pollution Abatement and Control by Medium and by Region, Province or Territory, 1994-1996

Table 7.2.E: Government Expenditures on Pollution Abatement and Control,1970-1996

Table 7.2.F: Government Expenditures on Pollution Abatement and Control by Level of Government, 1970-71 to 1998-99

7.3 The environment industry(PDF)

Text Box 7.3.1: Defining the Environment Industry

Text Box 7.3.2: Detailed Product Categories of Environmental Goods and Services and Environment-related Construction

Table 7.3.1: Total Business and Business Environmental Revenues and Total Business Employment by Industry, 1995

Table 7.3.5: Exports and Imports of Selected Environmental Products, 1995

Figure 7.3.1: Environmental Goods Revenues by Type, 1995

Figure 7.3.2: Environmental Services Revenues by Type, 1995

Figure 7.3.3: Top Environmental Revenue Earners, 1995

Table 7.3.2: Total Business and Business Environmental Revenues and Total Business Employment by Province and Territory, 1985

Table 7.3.3: Total Business and Business Environmental Revenues and Total Employment by Firm Size, 1995

Figure 7.3.4: Employment in Selected Canadian Industries, 1995

Text Box 7.3.3: Defining the Environmental Employee

Table 7.3.4: Top Employers in the Environment Industry by Province and Territory, 1995

Table 7.3.A: Revenues of Environmental Goods by Industry1, 1995

Table 7.3.B: Revenues of Environmental Services by Industry1, 1995

Table 7.3.C: Revenues of Environment-related Construction Services by Industry1, 1995

Table 7.3.D: Revenues of Environmental Goods by Province and Territory, 1995

Table 7.3.E: Revenues of Environmental Services by Province and Territory, 1995

Table 7.3.F: Revenues of Environment-related Construction Services by Province and Territory, 1995

Table 7.3.G: Revenues of Environmental Goods by Firm Size, 1995

Table 7.3.H: Revenues of Environmental Services by Firm Size, 1995

Table 7.3.I: Revenues of Environment-related Construction Services by Firm Size, 1995

7.4 Environmental practices(PDF)

Figure 7.4.1: Environmental Practices: How Business and Government Interact

Table 7.4.1: Light-duty New Vehicle Gasoline Exhaust Emission Standards, 1975-1997

Text Box 7.4.1: Light Trucks With Less Stringent Air Pollution Regulations

Text Box 7.4.2: Health Benefits of Reducing Sulphur in Gasoline

Table 7.4.2: British Columbia's AirCare Program, 1993-1997

Text Box 7.4.3: Reductions of Smog-Causing Emissions in Ontario

Figure 7.4.2: Release of On-site NPRI Pollutants by Industry, 1996

Text Box 7.4.4: Reporting Requirements of the National Pollutant Release Invetory (NPRI)

Figure 7.4.3: ARET Emission Reductions Base Year to 2000

Table 7.4.3: Emission Reduction by Industry Group, Base Year to 1997

Table 7.4.4: Emissions of Canadian Chemical Producers, 1992 and 1997

Table 7.4.5: Voluntary Challenge and Registry Program Progress, 1995-1998

Text Box 7.4.5: What is Emission Trading?

Text Box 7.4.6: Examples of Emission Trades

Text Box 7.4.7: Examples of Emission Offsets

Table 7.4.6: Canadian Registrations to ISO 14000, December 1998

Table 7.4.7: Selected Municipal and Provincial Data on Recycling, 1997 and 1998

Table 7.4.8: Scrap and Recycled Tires in Canada

Text Box 7.4.8: Uses of Scrap Tires

Text Box 7.4.9: What is packaging?

Figure 7.4.4: Consumption and Disposition of Packaging, 1988, 1992 and 1996

Table 7.4.9: Consumption and Disposition of Packaging, 1988, 1992 and 1996

Table 7.4.10: Federal Government R&D Expenditures on Environmental Protection, 1995-96 to 1998-99

Table 7.4.11: Industrial R&D Expenditures on Environmental Protection, 1990-1995

Figure 7.4.5: Private and Government Energy R&D Expenditures, 1983-1995

Figure 7.4.6: Share of Total Government and Private R&D for Renewable Energy and Conservation, 1983-1995

Table 7.4.12: Energy-related R&D by Federal and Provincial Governments, 1983-1997

Table 7.4.13: Private-sector Energy Research and Development, 1983-1995

Text Box 7.4.10: Pollution Prevention Methods

Table 7.4.14: Frequency of Pollution Abatement Practices by Industry, 1996

Text Box 7.4.11: Water and Air Pollution Reduction Processes

Table 7.4.15: Water and Air Pollution Abatement Technologies, 1994-1996

Table 7.4.16: Full Life-cycle CO2 and ODS Emissions From Buses

Text Box 7.4.12: Solar Energy

Text Box 7.4.13: Photovoltaic Use in Canada

Table 7.4.17: Ethanol Manufacturing in Canada

Figure 7.4.7: Methane Captured from Landfills, 1990-1997

Text Box 7.4.14: Landfill Sites Using Methane Gas for Electricity Generation

Table 7.4.A: Releases by Province and Territory, 1995 and 1996

Table 7.4.B: Water and Air Pollution Abatement Technologies for Selected Industries, 1994-1996

Figure 7.4.A: Number of Facilities Reporting NPRI Information, 1995 and 1996

Figure 7.4.B: On-site Releases of NPRI Pollutants by environmental medium, 1995 and 1996

Figure 7.4.C: Flows of Packaging

7.5 Public participation (PDF)

Figure 7.5.1: Public Perception of the Most Important Issues Facing Canadians, 1985-1998

Figure 7.5.2: Public Perception of the Most Important Health Risk Factors, 1993 and 1998

Table 7.5.1: Canadians' Perception of Whether They Can Do Something to Improve the Environment, 1987-1998

Figure 7.5.3: Canadians' Perception of Who Should Protect the Environment, 1992-1998

Table 7.5.2: Donations by Type of Organization, 1997

Figure 7.5.4: Change in Number of Volunteer Events by Type of Organization, 1987-1997

Table 7.5.3: Alternatives to Driving to Work by Census Metropolitan Area, 1996

Figure 7.5.5: Canadians' Perception of Personal Action that Causes the Most Stress on the Environment, 1998

Figure 7.5.6: Individual Actions Taken to Protect the Environment, 1998

Table 7.5.4: Selected Energy-related Practices of Canadian Household, 1993

Table 7.5.5: Selected Energy-saving Characteristics of Canadian Dwellings, 1993

Table 7.5.6: Retrofit Activity, 1993

Table 7.5.7: Household Recycling Programs, 1991 and 1994

Figure 7.5.7: Composting by Type of Dwelling, 1991 and 1994

Table 7.5.8: Efforts in Green Consumerism, 1991 and 1994

Table 7.5.9: Examples of Public Participation through Consultation

Table 7.5.10: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE)

Table 7.5.A: Profile of volunteers for Environmental and Non-environmental Organisations, 1997

Table 7.5.B: Profile of Givers1 for Environmental and Non-environmental Organisations, 1997

7.6 Recreation (PDF)

Text Box 7.6.1: Defining Nature-related Activities

Table 7.6.1: Numbers of Days and Trips on which Participants Engaged in Nature-related Activities, 1996

Table 7.6.2: Participation in Nature-related Activities by Province and Territory of Residence, 1996

Table 7.6.3: Expenditures on Nature-related Activities by Province and Territory of Residence, 1996

Table 7.6.4: Participation in Outdoor Activities in Natural Areas by Province and Territory of Residence, 1996

Table 7.6.5: Participation in Indirect Nature-related Activities, 1996

Table 7.6.6: Characteristics of Canada's National Parks System, 1997

Table 7.6.7: Status of the Trans Canada Trail, November, 1999

Text Box 7.6.2: Ecotourism and Adventure Travel

Table 7.6.8: Avalanche Fatalities by Activity, 1984-1996

Table 7.6.A: Numbers of Days1 on which Participants Engaged in Nature-related Activities by Province and Territory of Residence, 1996

Table 7.6.B: Profile of Canadians Participating in Nature-related Activities, 1996

Table 7.6.C: Numbers of Trips1 on which Participants Engaged in Nature-related Activities by Province and Territory of Residence, 1996

7.7 Environmental education (PDF)

Table 7.7.1: Selected Science Learning Outcomes, Kindergarten to Grade 12

Text Box 7.7.1: Foundation Statements for Scientific Literacy in Canada

Text Box 7.7.2: Statistics Canada and Environmental Education

Table 7.7.2: Employment of 1990 Graduates from Selected Fields of Study, June 1992 and June 1995

Table 7.7.3: Relationship of Employment to Education of 1990 Graduates from Selected Fields of Study, June 1992 and June 1995

Table 7.7.4: 1990 Graduates from Selected Fields of Study Who Would Select the Same Program, June 1995

Glossary(PDF)

Symbols(PDF)

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Prepared by EDRS Staff: Joshua Walker & Anastassia Khouri
Last Updated: May 4, 2001 (AK) (469)